Exhaust silencing

ALUPOR™ performs exceptionally well alongside sintered materials for exhaust noise silencing. Moreover, silencers made of porous aluminum function perfectly under cryogenic temperatures maintaining their strength properties. Exhaust noise can occur in various technological processes involving pneumatic and compressor equipment. Technological equipment that assumes gas discharge have to be equipped with silencers to protect the environment and production personnel from the harmful effects of noise. Currently, the company offers several series of commercially produced silencers.

Advantages

  • Increased strength and durability compared to silencers made of sintered powders
  • Resistance to cyclic and vibration loads
  • Resistance to contaminants — maintains flow capacity for extended periods even in dusty air
  • High dirt-holding capacity due to unique structure
  • Fully controlled and stable structural parameters
  • Durability: maximum pressure differential up to 50 atm (under normal conditions)
  • Any sizes and configurations available
  • Parts combining solid and porous sections in a single product
  • Thread cutting possible on both solid metal and porous sections
  • Low weight - only plastic is a competitor
  • Service life exceeding 5 years
  • Environmentally friendly — material can be recycled as aluminum scrap

Limitations

  • Icing (fair for any porous silencer): when designing silencers, it should be considered that the discharged medium is throttling through the porous structure. Its temperature may drop below the crystallization point of the water. Ice formation on the silencer can reduce or completely block the flow. In such conditions, heating is required.
  • On large silencers, noise may be generated inside the silencer itself: it is necessary to provide additional distribution elements made of coarse-porous material at the outlet of the pipe for preliminary jet breaking.

SPECIFICATIONS

FLOW PARAMETERS

Properties table to be loaded by JavaScript

STRUCTURE PROPERTIES

Parameter Material type (graded by main pore size range), μm
140-315 200-400 315-630 630-1000 1000-1600 1600-3000
Mean pore size, μm 245 300 490 700 1300 2300
Mean neck size, μm 67…77 73…88 100…120 135…170 175…225 245…315
Neck per one pore (coordination number) 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
Pores per unit area, pcs./ m² 11.6×106 6.4×106 2.4×106 1.2×106 0.34×106 0.11×106
Necks per unit area, pcs./ m² 36.4×106 20.9×106 7.9×106 3.9×106 1.1×106 0.36×106
Porosity, % 50...75
Density***, kg/m³ 675...1215
Thermal expansion coefficient, 1/°C 23.0×10-6 (identical to solid metal)
Allowed temperature range, °C -200...+250

More details on mechanical properties of ALUPOR™ see "Properties" page.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Parameter Material type (graded by main pore size range), μm
140-315 200-400 315-630 630-1000 1000-1600 1600-3000
Ultimate compressive strength, MPa 105 59 58 49 37 32
Yield point at compression, MPa 39 26 24 20 21 20
Ultimate tensile strength, MPa 29 16 16.5 14 12 8
Yield point at tensile, MPa 26 14 16 13 13 7
Ultimate shear stress, MPa 36 34 30 25 26 -
Young's modulus, GPa 3.1 2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6
Elongation, % 0.29 0.38 0.27 0.32 0.3 0.12

More details on mechanical properties of ALUPOR™ see "Properties" page.

MANUFACTURE ABILITIES

  • Maximum dimensions of the final flat part: 850 × 650 × 150 mm
  • Maximum dimensions of the cylinder part: ø410, length is not limited
  • Minimum plate thickness:
    • 3 mm for parts up to 300 mm
    • 5 mm for parts up to 500 mm
    • 8 mm for parts over 500 mm
  • Final product weight: up to 150 kg
  • Manufacturing method: casting with vacuum impregnation of NaCl (see here...)
  • Threading available for both solid metal and porous sections

Parts with Solid Metal Sections (SMS) are a significant advantage of our technology because we can do fastening elements on solid section. Possible options for manufacturing parts with solid metal sections are presented below.

Without solid section

Solid end face

Solid flange

Seal slots for O-ring

Tread & Hex-nut

Tread & Seal slots 

Modular Mufflers

The image shows a special solution for large-volume steam discharge: a steel casing containing a cylindrical porous element with anti-icing electric heating incide.

Anodizing and Oxidation

To enhance corrosion resistance it is possible to perform anodizing or micro-arc oxidation treatment on the entire internal surface of pores. 

Theory reference

Noise is generated during exhaust of compressed air from pneumatic units due to flow turbulence at zones between jet and the external environment. Turbulent compressed air vortices excite acoustic vibrations in the surrounding air medium. A silencer made of ALUPOR™ porous material distributes the turbulent flow from the pipe over the filtering area of the silencer and divides it into many small streams with more favorable hydraulic characteristics, thereby reducing the sound power level. The theory of aeroacoustics is quite complex. Here we will provide the most general and simplest formulations and references for following deeper understanding.

Symbols definitions
Constants

R=8,314 462 618 153 24 [J/(mol×K)] - gas constant;

Physical properties

M [kg/mol] - gas molar mass;
μ [Pa×s ] - dynamic viscosity;
ρ [kg/m³] - density;

Physical values

Ffilt -  [m²] - filtration surface;
j - [kg/(m²×s)] - specific mass flux;
T - [K] - absolute temperature;
t - [°C] - temperature;
V ​​​​​​​- [m³] - volume;
v ​​​​​​​- [m/s] - velocity;
vfilt ​​​​​​​- [m/s] filtration velocity;
τ ​​​​​​​- [s] - time.

ALUPOR™ structure parameters

Π - [dimensionless] - porosity;
Smin ​​​​​​​- [dimensionless] - ratio of minimal solid cross-section and filtration area (same as minimal void cross-section of packed bed);
dp ​​​​​​​- [μm] - mean pore size;
Ssp ​​​​​​​- [m²/m³] - specific surface area;
kv ​​​​​​​- [m²] - Darcy permeability;
ki ​​​​​​​- [m] - Forhheimer permeability.

Subscripts

#f value related to fluid ;
#s value related to solid (metal matrix);
#p value related to pore volume(example: velocity in pores);
#n value related to necks between pores (example: velocity in necks);
#Me value related to solid metal;
#AP value related to ALUPOR™;
#eff effective property of composite (example:"ALUPOR™-air" system);
Specific features of the material Each pore on the material surface is connected by 2-4 necks (cuffs) with pores in the volume. Each cuff can be considered as a single nozzle that generates noise. The general characteristics of the noise emitted by the pneumatic silencer can be obtained through the number of pores/cuffs on the surface by summation. Further formulas are based on this assumption. For more information about the material structure, see here...